Kedudukan Anak Angkat Tanpa Legalitas Dalam Waris Menurut Hukum Positif Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30742/perspektif.v31i2.967Keywords:
anak angkat, legalitas, hukum positif, adopted child, legality, positive lawAbstract
Ketidakpastian hukum mengenai kedudukan anak angkat tanpa legalitas formal dalam sistem waris Indonesia merupakan persoalan normatif yang belum terselesaikan. Akar permasalahannya terletak pada adanya kekosongan hukum (rechtsvacuum) dan pertentangan norma antara hukum Islam dan hukum perdata dalam mengatur hak waris anak angkat, khususnya bagi mereka yang proses pengangkatannya tidak melalui penetapan pengadilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan hukum anak angkat tanpa legalitas dalam sistem waris Indonesia serta mengkaji sejauh mana hukum positif mampu memberikan perlindungan terhadap hak waris mereka. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan yurisprudensi dengan mengkaji bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dualisme sistem hukum yang berlaku menghasilkan putusan yang tidak seragam: Pengadilan Tinggi Banten (No. 176/PDT/2024/PT BTN) menempatkan anak angkat setara dengan anak kandung berdasarkan Staatsblad 1917 No. 129, sedangkan Pengadilan Agama Kayu Agung (No. 901/Pdt.G/2025/PA.Kag) dan Surabaya (No. 174/Pdt.P/2026/PA.Sby) membatasi hak waris anak angkat hanya melalui wasiat wajibah maksimal sepertiga harta berdasarkan Pasal 209 KHI. Ketidakseragaman ini bukan sekadar persoalan diskresi hakim, melainkan cerminan langsung dari tumpang tindih dan kekosongan norma dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, sehingga diperlukan harmonisasi regulasi yang lebih komprehensif guna menjamin kepastian dan keadilan hukum bagi anak angkat di Indonesia.
The legal uncertainty surrounding the position of adopted children without formal legal status in Indonesia’s inheritance system remains an unresolved normative problem. The root of the issue lies in the existence of a legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) and normative conflicts between Islamic law and civil law in regulating the inheritance rights of adopted children, particularly those whose adoption process did not go through a court decree. This study aims to analyze the legal standing of adopted children without formal legality in Indonesia’s inheritance system and to examine the extent to which positive law provides protection for their inheritance rights. The research method employed is normative juridical research through statutory, conceptual, and jurisprudential approaches, examining primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings reveal that the prevailing legal dualism produces inconsistent judicial decisions: the Banten High Court (No. 176/PDT/2024/PT BTN) placed adopted children on equal footing with biological children under Staatsblad 1917 No. 129, whereas the Religious Courts of Kayu Agung (No. 901/Pdt.G/2025/PA.Kag) and Surabaya (No. 174/Pdt.P/2026/PA.Sby) limited the inheritance rights of adopted children solely through the wasiat wajibah mechanism of a maximum one-third of the estate under Article 209 of the Islamic Law Compilation. This inconsistency is not merely a matter of judicial discretion, but rather a direct reflection of the overlapping norms and legal gaps within the existing legislative framework. Consequently, a more comprehensive regulatory harmonization is urgently needed to guarantee legal certainty and justice for adopted children in Indonesia.
References
Peraturan Perundangan-undangan:
Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak. (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2002 Nomor 109, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4235).
Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak. (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2014 Nomor 297, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5606).
Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI).
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 54 Tahun 2007 tentang Pelaksanaan Pengangkatan Anak.
Peraturan Menteri Sosial Republik Indonesia Nomor: 110/HUK/2009 tentang Persyaratan Pengangkatan Anak.
Perkara Perdata No. 1413K/Pdt/1988/01/030.Anak Angkat.
Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Banten No. 176/PDT/2024/PT.BTN.
Putusan Pengadilan Agama Kayu Agung No. 901/Pdt.G/2025/PA.Kag.
Putusan Pengadilan Agama Surabaya No. 174/Pdt.P/2026/PA.Sby.
Putusan Pengadilan Agama Banyuwangi Nomor 0486/Pdt.P/2020/PA.Bwi.
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