PERSPEKTIF: Kajian Masalah Hukum dan Pembangunan

The State’s Stance on The Payment of Restitution by Corruption Convicts Using Bankruptcy Legal Instrumens to Recover State Losses

Adia Pratistia — Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Combating corruption in Indonesia faces significant challenges, particularly regarding the effectiveness of recovering state financial losses through the imposition of “restitution money” as an additional criminal penalty. This study aims to analyze the legal status of unpaid restitution money owed by a convicted corruptor specifically whether it constitutes a debt subject to bankruptcy proceedings and to examine the legitimacy and legal standing of the State Attorney in this context. The findings indicate that an obligation to pay restitution money once the court ruling has become final and binding (inkracht) is essentially a financial obligation with economic value that can be categorized as a debt. If a convicted individual has two or more creditors (including the state) and fails to pay a due debt, the criteria for bankruptcy under Article 2, paragraph (1) of Law No. 37/2004 may be met. Applying bankruptcy legal instruments (mutatis mutandis) could serve as an effective legal breakthrough for the state to recover financial losses caused by bankrupt convicted corruptors. To optimize the role of the Prosecutor’s Office as a bankruptcy petitioner acting in the public interest, it is required to enhance the capacity of prosecutorial personnel regarding bankruptcy law and to conduct broader public outreach.

Kedudukan dan Batas Keabsahan Denda Adat Dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana Pasca Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023

Adhika Mahindra Satya, Syahban Alvian Hamonangan Harianja — Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Pembaruan hukum pidana nasional melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) menegaskan pengakuan negara terhadap living law dan denda adat sebagai bagian dari sistem pemidanaan, meskipun dibatasi oleh nilai konstitusional, hak asasi manusia, proporsionalitas, dan ketertiban umum. Kondisi ini menimbulkan persoalan mengenai kedudukan denda adat dan batas penerapannya agar tidak bergeser menjadi tindakan koersif atau pemerasan. Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana keabsahan dan kedudukan denda adat pasca berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 dan bagaimana parameter pembatasannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUHP memberikan legitimasi formal terhadap denda adat melalui Pasal 2, 66, dan 96, namun kodifikasi tersebut berpotensi mengurangi fleksibilitas mekanisme adat dan menggeser orientasi restoratifnya. Selain itu, perbedaan antara denda adat dan pemerasan harus diperjelas melalui kriteria kesukarelaan, kepatutan, dan legitimasi adat yang dinilai aparat penegak hukum. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa harmonisasi denda adat dengan KUHP memerlukan pengaturan operasional yang tegas. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan untuk menyusun regulasi turunan tentang living law, pedoman nasional denda adat, penguatan kelembagaan adat, peningkatan kapasitas aparat, dan mekanisme koordinasi formal negara, terutama komunitas adat.

The revision of national criminal law through Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code (Criminal Code) affirms the state’s recognition of living law and customary fines as part of the criminal justice system, although limited by constitutional values, human rights, proportionality, and public order. This condition raises questions about the position of customary fines and their limits, so that they do not shift into coercive or extortionate actions. This research analyzed the validity of customary fines after the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023, and what are the parameters that limit them. The research method used is normative legal research with statute, conceptual, and case approach. Criminal Code provides formal legitimacy for customary fines through Articles 2, 66, and 96. However, this codification may reduce the flexibility of customary mechanisms and shift their restorative orientation.Furthermore, the distinction between customary fines and extortion must be clarified by reference to the criteria of voluntariness, appropriateness, and customary legitimacy, as assessed by law enforcement officials. The study concludes that harmonizing customary fines with Criminal Code requires clear operational regulations. This study recommends developing derivative regulations on living law, national guidelines on customary fines, strengthening customary institutions, increasing officials’ capacity, and establishing formal state coordination mechanisms, especially for indigenous communities.

Legal Protection of Personal Data in The Use of Cyber Security and Artificial Intelligence Against Banking Systems

Reynaldo — Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Indonesia has brought convenience to financial transactions, but it has also increased the risk of customer personal data leaks, particularly because banks now rely on cyber security systems and artificial intelligence in Know Your Customer procedures, biometric authentication, and credit scoring. This phenomenon raises concerns about the weak protection of privacy rights and the security of customers’ financial data. This study aims to analyse the forms of legal protection provided to customers against personal data leaks and the criminal law policy governing cybercrime committed through artificial intelligence. This research is normative legal research employing statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, with legal materials collected through a literature study of legislation, legal doctrine, and reported cases of data breaches in the national banking sector. The results show that although a national legal framework has been established through Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, the Banking Law, and the regulations of the Financial Services Authority and Bank Indonesia, its implementation is still obstructed by weak law enforcement, the absence of technical benchmarks for data protection by design and for explainable artificial intelligence, unprepared digital banking infrastructure, and low customer awareness. Criminal law policy has likewise not accommodated artificial intelligence as a means of committing crime, which creates a legal vacuum. This study therefore recommends a rebuttable presumption of negligence for banks, explainable artificial intelligence compliance benchmarks, and a lex specialis governing artificial intelligence-based cybercrime.

Problematika dan Penguatan Akuntabilitas Subtantif Dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Negara

Moh. Ainul Yaqin, Siti Anisa Fatmawati, Shinta Hadiyantina — Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Transformasi hukum keuangan negara pasca reformasi telah memperkuat prinsip akuntabilitas melalui pembentukan Undang-Undang Keuangan Negara, penerapan penganggaran berbasis kinerja, penguatan pengendalian internal, dan audit kinerja. Namun, temuan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, tingginya perkara korupsi di sektor keuangan publik, serta belum optimalnya penganggaran berbasis kinerja menunjukkan bahwa penguatan regulasi belum sepenuhnya menghasilkan akuntabilitas substantif. Kajian yang dilakukan bertujuan menganalisis transformasi prinsip akuntabilitas dalam hukum keuangan Indonesia, mengidentifikasi faktor penghambat terwujudnya akuntabilitas substantif, serta merumuskan konstruksi penguatannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transformasi hukum keuangan negara telah menggeser paradigma akuntabilitas dari compliance-based accountability menuju performance-based accountability. Implementasinya masih didominasi orientasi kepatuhan administratif, sehingga akuntabilitas cenderung berhenti pada pemenuhan prosedur dan belum sepenuhnya berorientasi pada hasil serta manfaat publik. Kondisi tersebut dipengaruhi oleh belum optimalnya koordinasi kelembagaan pengawasan dan budaya hukum birokrasi yang berorientasi pada kepatuhan. Penguatan akuntabilitas perlu dilakukan secara integratif melalui harmonisasi substansi hukum, penguatan kelembagaan pengawasan, transformasi budaya hukum birokrasi, dan optimalisasi tata kelola digital yang berorientasi pada kinerja serta manfaat publik.

Post-reform transformation of state financial law has strengthened the principle of accountability through the establishment of the State Finance Law framework, the implementation of performance-based budgeting, the strengthening of internal control, and performance auditing. However, findings reported by the Audit Board of Indonesia, the high incidence of corruption in the public finance sector, and the suboptimal implementation of performance-based budgeting indicate that regulatory strengthening has not fully resulted in substantive accountability. This study aims to analyze the transformation of the accountability principle in Indonesian state financial law, identify the factors hindering the realization of substantive accountability, and formulate a framework for strengthening it. This study employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the transformation of state financial law has shifted the accountability paradigm from compliance-based accountability toward performance-based accountability. However, its implementation remains predominantly oriented toward administrative compliance, causing accountability to focus primarily on procedural fulfillment rather than on outcomes and public benefits. This condition is influenced by suboptimal coordination among oversight institutions and a bureaucratic legal culture that remains oriented toward compliance. Strengthening accountability therefore requires an integrated approach encompassing the harmonization of legal substance, strengthening of oversight institutions, transformation of bureaucratic legal culture, and optimization of digital governance oriented toward performance and public benefits.

Keabsahan Hukum Praktik Real Money Trading Akun Game Online

Ping-Ping Nurhidayatulloh, Astrid Amidiaputri Hasyyati — Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Penelitian ini menganalisis keabsahan transaksi jual beli akun game online (Real Money Trading/RMT) dalam perspektif hukum perdata dan perlindungan konsumen di Indonesia. Praktik RMT menunjukkan bahwa akun game telah bertransformasi menjadi komoditas digital bernilai ekonomi nyata, meskipun secara kontraktual dilarang dalam Terms of Service (ToS) oleh pengembang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan menelaah peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum, serta dokumen Terms of Service (ToS) game seperti milik Supercell. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa akun game dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai benda bergerak tidak berwujud berdasarkan Pasal 503 KUHPerdata, namun menimbulkan dikotomi antara kepemilikan (eigendom) pemain dan penguasaan (bezit) yang diberikan pengembang. Larangan pengalihan akun dalam Terms of Service (ToS) berpotensi menjadikan transaksi jual beli memiliki “sebab yang tidak Diperbolehkan” sehingga dapat batal demi hukum menurut Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Selain itu, sejumlah klausula dalam Terms of Service (ToS) tergolong klausula eksonerasi yang bertentangan dengan Pasal 18 Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan pembentukan regulasi khusus mengenai kepemilikan dan transaksi aset digital untuk menciptakan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan bagi konsumen di era ekonomi digital.

This study examines the legality of online game account trading, known as Real Money Trading (RMT), from the standpoint of Indonesian civil law and consumer protection. RMT practices demonstrate that game accounts have evolved into digital commodities with real economic value, despite explicit prohibitions in developers’ Terms of Service (ToS). Using a normative juridical method, the research analyzes relevant legislation, legal doctrines, and ToS documents such as those of Supercell. Findings indicate that game accounts qualify as intangible movable property under Article 503 of the Indonesian Civil Code but reveal a dichotomy between player ownership (eigendom) and developer possession rights (bezit). The ToS prohibition on account transfers may render such transactions invalid due to an “unlawful cause” under Article 1320 of the Civil Code. Moreover, several ToS clauses constitute exoneration clauses violating Article 18 of the Consumer Protection Law. The study concludes that Indonesia urgently needs a specific legal framework governing digital asset ownership and transfer to ensure legal certainty and fair consumer protection in the digital economy era.

Ketiadaan CCTV Sebagai Hambatan Pembuktian Dalam Hukum Acara Pidana

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah mendorong perubahan dalam sistem pembuktian pidana, salah satunya melalui penggunaan rekaman Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) sebagai alat bukti elektronik. Keberadaan CCTV memiliki peran penting dalam membantu aparat penegak hukum mengungkap tindak pidana, merekonstruksi peristiwa, serta mengidentifikasi pelaku secara lebih objektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan rekaman CCTV sebagai alat bukti dalam hukum acara pidana di Indonesia, menelaah standar kualitas rekaman agar dapat digunakan secara sah, mengkaji dampak keterbatasan CCTV terhadap pembuktian pidana, serta menilai tanggung jawab negara dalam menjamin ketersediaan dan kualitas CCTV di ruang publik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rekaman CCTV diakui sebagai alat bukti hukum yang sah melalui Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, namun penggunaannya harus memenuhi syarat keaslian, integritas, dan relevansi. Rendahnya kualitas rekaman maupun tidak tersedianya CCTV dapat melemahkan pembuktian, memperlambat penyidikan, dan meningkatkan risiko kesalahan penegakan hukum. Oleh karena itu, negara perlu menjamin penyediaan CCTV yang memadai, berkualitas, serta dikelola sesuai prinsip perlindungan data pribadi guna mendukung sistem peradilan pidana yang efektif dan berkeadilan.

The development of information technology has transformed the criminal evidentiary system, particularly through the use of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) recordings as electronic evidence. CCTV plays an important role in assisting law enforcement officers to uncover crimes, reconstruct incidents, and identify perpetrators more objectively. This study aims to analyze the legal position of CCTV recordings as evidence in Indonesian criminal procedure law, examine the quality standards required for admissibility, assess the impact of limited CCTV availability on criminal proof, and evaluate the responsibility of the state in ensuring the availability and quality of CCTV in public spaces. The research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that CCTV recordings are recognized as valid legal evidence under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, provided that they meet the requirements of authenticity, integrity, and relevance. Poor-quality recordings or the absence of CCTV may weaken evidentiary value, delay investigations, and increase the risk of wrongful law enforcement outcomes. Therefore, the state must ensure the provision of adequate and high-quality CCTV systems managed in accordance with personal data protection principles in order to support an effective and fair criminal justice system.

Perlindungan Hukum Hak Pekerja Dalam Praktik Persaingan Usaha Jasa Outsourcing di Indonesia

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Kemudahan akses perizinan berusaha melalui sistem Online Single Submission (OSS) telah menciptakan iklim investasi yang kondusif di Indonesia yang berdampak pada pertumbuhan masif pelaku usaha baru. Salah satu sektor yang mengalami perkembangan pesat adalah industri alih daya (outsourcing). Namun, pertumbuhan ini memicu kompetisi yang sangat ketat antarperusahaan alih daya. Tingginya persaingan tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan praktik persaingan usaha tidak sehat dan penyimpangan undang-undang. Akibatnya, pekerja alih daya seringkali menjadi korban karena hak-hak dan perlindungan hukum mereka terabaikan. Penelitian ini menganalisis dua hal: Pertama, Peran Pemerintah dalam implementasi pengawasan persaingan usaha outsourcing seperti halnya peran dan fungsi KPPU. Kedua, Perlindungan hukum pekerja outsourcing. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa instrumen pengawasan pemerintah saat ini belum cukup optimal untuk mencegah persaingan tidak sehat di sektor alih daya. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan regulasi khusus yang mengatur pedoman persaingan usaha antarperusahaan alih daya secara ketat, serta penegakan sanksi yang tegas guna menjamin kepastian dan perlindungan hukum terhadap hak-hak pekerja.

The ease of obtaining business licenses through the Online Single Submission (OSS) system has fostered a conducive investment climate in Indonesia, resulting in a massive surge of new business entities. One sector experiencing rapid growth is the outsourcing industry. However, this growth has triggered intense competition among outsourcing companies. Such high levels of competition create the potential for unfair business practices and violations of the law. Consequently, outsourced workers often suffer as their rights and legal protections are overlooked. This study analyzes two aspects: First, the government’s role in overseeing competition within the outsourcing sector, specifically regarding the role and functions of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU). Second, the legal protection of outsourced workers. This study used normative-juridical legal research method with a statute approach. The findings indicate that current government oversight mechanisms are not yet optimal for preventing unfair competition in the outsourcing sector. Therefore, specific regulations are required to strictly govern competition guidelines among outsourcing companies, alongside the enforcement of firm sanctions to ensure legal certainty and the protection of workers’ rights.

The Ministry of Religious Affairs’ Role in Improving Mosque Imams’ Welfare

Abd. Mannang — Thu, 10 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research is motivated by the structural gap between the strategic role of mosque imams in the religious life of society and the lack of formal state attention to their welfare. Although the Ministry of Religious Affairs institutionally holds the mandate to foster religious life, there is still no national policy that explicitly affirms the socio-economic rights of mosque imams The findings reveal that, despite a clear legal basis, the implementation of Ministry policies has not fully supported the economic well-being of mosque imams. Most imams still receive allowances below the regional minimum wage, with primary obstacles including budget constraints, weak inter-agency coordination, and the absence of standardized performance indicators. This study proposes an integrative policy model comprising four pillars: regulatory harmonization between Islamic and national law, sustainable financing through blended sources (state budget, local budget, and community-based funding), transparent governance supported by technology, and measurable key performance indicators (KPIs). This model is recommended as a foundation for national policy formulation to ensure a just, sustainable, and socially responsive system for mosque imam welfare in Indonesia.